Cardiovascular Disorders

Course Instructor: Pharm Prep

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Module Overview

Sub-Modules

1 Subject

Cardiovascular

11 Exercises • 195 Learning Materials

Coronary Artery Disease / Stable Angina

Introduction

Investigations

Nonpharmacologic choices

Drugs that Decrease or Prevent Angina

Drugs that Decrease the Risk of Cardiovascular Death and Nonfatal MI

Drugs that Increase the Risk of Cardiovascular Death and Nonfatal MI

Treating - Modifiable Risk Factors

Drug Table - Nitrates

Drug Table - Antiplatelet Agents

Drug Table - Antianginal

Drug Table - Beta1-Adrenergic Antagonists

Drug Table - Calcium Channel Blockers

Algorithms - Management of Stable Angina Pectoris

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Coronary Artery Disease

Exercise

Acute Coronary Syndromes & Myocardial Infarction

Introduction

Investigations

Therapeutic Choices: UA / NSTEMI

Therapeutic Choices: STEMI

Drug Table - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

Drug Table - Antiplatelet Agents

Drug Table - Fibrinolytics

Drug Table - Beta1-adrenergic Antagonists.

Drug Table - Calcium Channel Blockers

Drug Table - Heparin / Fondaparinux

Drug Table - Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists

Drug Table - Nitrates

Complications of STEMI

Choices during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Algorithms - Management of UA / NSTEMI

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Algorithms - Management of STEMI

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Acute Coronary Syndromes & Myocardial Infarction

Exercise

Dyslipidemia

Introduction

Investigations

Criteria for Intervention

Framingham Heart Study (Estimating the 10-Year Risk of CVD)

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Nonpharmacologic Choices

Pharmacologic Choices

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)

Table – Statins

Statin – Indications / Adverse Effects

Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors

Table - Ezetimibe – Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor

Fibrates

Table - Fibrates

Resins

Table – Resins (Bile Acid-Sequestering Agents)

Icosapent Ethyl (Omega-3 Fatty Acid)

Table - Icosapent Ethyl

PCSK9 Inhibitors

Table -PCSK9 Inhibitors

Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Inhibitors

Table – Lomitapide

Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)

Table - Niacin

Nonprescription Agents

Choices during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Algorithm – Management of dyslipidemia

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Algorithm – Management of Statin induced myopathy

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Dyslipidemia

Exercise

Hypertension

Introduction

AHA/ACC High Blood Pressure Guidelines: 2025

AHA/ACC Blood Pressure Categories: 2025 - Reference Table

Investigations

Diagnosis

Additional Laboratory Testing

Nonpharmacologic Choices

Effect of Lifestyle Changes on Blood Pressure

Pharmacologic Choices

Diuretics

Table - Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics

Table - Diuretics – Potassium-Sparing

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Table - ACE Inhibitors

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Table - Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Direct Renin Inhibitors

Calcium Channel Blockers

Table - Calcium Channel Blockers

Beta1-Adrenergic Antagonists

Table - Beta1-Adrenergic Antagonists

Other Antihypertensive Drugs

Combination Therapy

Table - ACE Inhibitor/Calcium Channel Blocker Combinations

Table - ACE Inhibitor/Diuretic Combinations

Table -ARB / Diuretic Combinations

Table - Beta₁-Adrenergic Antagonist/Diuretic Combinations

Table - Calcium Channel Blocker/ARB Combinations

Table – CCB / HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Combinations

Table - Diuretic Combinations

Individualization of Antihypertensive Therapy

Adherence / Resistant Hypertension / Hypertensive Emergencies

Choices during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Algorithm - Diagnosis of Hypertension

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Hypertension

Exercise

Heart Failure

Introduction

Heart Failure - Classification / Symptoms and Signs

Investigations

Natriuretic Peptide / Diagnosis of Heart Failure

Factors That Can Exacerbate Heart Failure

Nonpharmacologic Choices

Treatment Decisions

Pharmacologic Choices - Diuretics

Agents - Treat Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Outcomes - Drugs Used for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Agents - Treat Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Drug Table - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Drug Table - Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists

Drug Table - Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor Combination

Drug Table - Beta1-adrenergic Antagonists

Drug Table - If Current Inhibitor

Drug Table - Inotropic Agents

Drug Table - Loop Diuretics

Drug Table - Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs)

Drug Table - Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors

Drug Table - Thiazides and Related Diuretics

Drug Table – Vasodilators

Choices during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Algorithm - Evaluation of Patients with Heart Failure

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Algorithm - Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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Heart Failure

Exercise

Stroke

Introduction

Investigations

Nonpharmacologic Choices - Acute Ischemic Stroke

Pharmacologic Choices - Ischemic Stroke

Table - Drugs Used to Treat Acute Ischemic Stroke

Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Treatment Criteria

Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Monitoring

Choices During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Hemorrhagic Stroke - Pharmacologic Choices

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - Pharmacologic Choices

Table - Drugs Used to Treat Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

Investigations - Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

Nonpharmacologic Choices - Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

Pharmacologic Choices - Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

Table - Drugs Used in Secondary Prevention of Stroke

Choices during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Algorithm - General Management of the Stroke Patient

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Algorithm - ED - Management of Patients with Suspected Stroke

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Algorithm – Secondary Prevention of Cerebral Ischemia

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Stroke

Exercise

Arrhythmias

Introduction - Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

Investigations (VT/VF)

Significance of VT/VF

QT Prolongation and Arrhythmia Risk

Medications and QT Prolongation

Nonpharmacologic Choices (VT/VF)

Pharmacologic Choices (VT/VF)

Drug Table - Beta1-Adrenergic Antagonists - VT/ VF

Drug Table - Antiarrhythmics - VT/ VF

Algorithm - Management of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia

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Algorithm - Long-Term Management of Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia

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Introduction - Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

Investigations (SVT)

Nonpharmacologic Choices (SVT)

Long-Term Management - Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter

Heart Rate Control - Patients with Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter

Anticoagulation for Paroxysmal, Persistent, Permanent Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter

Management of Re-entrant Tachycardias and Focal Atrial Tachycardia

Table - Drug Therapy for Control of Heart Rhythm in Patients with SVT

Table - Drug Therapy for Control of Heart Rate in Patients with SVT

Table - Drug Therapy - Prevention of Systemic Embolism in Patients with SVT

Algorithm - Rate versus Rhythm Control for Patients with Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation

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Arrhythmias

Exercise

DVT, PE, Anticoagulation

Introduction

Investigations

Nonpharmacologic Choices

Pharmacologic Choices

Table - Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors

Table - Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

Table - Indirect Factor Xa Inhibitors

Table - Low Molecular Weight Heparins

Table - Unfractionated Heparin

Table - Vitamin K Antagonists

Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism

Table - Antiplatelet Agents - Prophylaxis of VTED

Table - Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors - Prophylaxis of VTED

Table - Direct Thrombin Inhibitors - Prophylaxis of VTED

Table - Indirect Factor Xa Inhibitors - Prophylaxis of VTED

Table - Low Molecular Weight Heparins - Prophylaxis of VTED

Table - Unfractionated Heparin - Prophylaxis of VTED

Choices during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Algorithm - Long-Term Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism

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DVT, PE, and Anticoagulation

Exercise

Intermittent Claudication

Introduction

Investigations

Nonpharmacologic Choices

Pharmacologic Choices

Specific Therapy for Intermittent Claudication

Table - Drug Therapy for Intermittent Claudication

Intermittent Claudication

Exercise

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Introduction

Investigations

Nonpharmacologic Choices

Pharmacologic Choices

Drugs Implicated in Secondary Raynaud Phenomenon

Table - Drugs Used for the Treatment of Raynaud Phenomenon

Choices during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Exercise

Syncope

Introduction

Common Causes of Syncope

Investigations

Vasovagal Syncope

Orthostatic Hypotension

Table - Drugs for Treatment of Syndromes of Orthostatic Intolerance

Syncope

Exercise